In/in the/at final/jj accounting/nn ,/, these/dts would/md have/hv augmented/vbn the/at bill/nn for/in both/abx sides/nns ./.
An/at estimate/nn of/in one/cd million/cd dollars/nns is/bez probably/rb not/* excessive/jj ./.


	Yet/cc the/at huge/jj amount/nn of/in money/nn consumed/vbn by/in the/at Selden/np litigation/nn ,/, which/wdt many/ap regarded/vbn as/cs wasteful/jj ,/, indirectly/rb contributed/vbn to/in constructive/jj changes/nns in/in legal/jj procedure/nn ./.
The/at duration/nn and/cc other/ap circumstances/nns of/in the/at Selden/np case/nn made/vbd it/ppo a/at flagrant/jj example/nn of/in the/at gross/jj abuses/nns of/in patent/nn infringement/nn actions/nns ./.
The/at suit/nn ,/, as/cs we/ppss have/hv seen/vbn ,/, came/vbd before/in the/at courts/nns when/wrb patent/nn attorneys/nns ,/, inventors/nns ,/, and/cc laymen/nns were/bed making/vbg mounting/vbg demands/nns for/in reforms/nns in/in the/at American/jj patent/nn system/nn ./.
Chief/jjs among/in the/at defects/nns they/ppss singled/vbd out/rp were/bed the/at complicated/vbn and/cc wearisome/jj procedures/nns in/in equity/nn ./.


	In/in a/at long/jj and/cc angry/jj footnote/nn to/in his/pp$ opinion/nn ,/, Judge/nn-tl Hough/np had/hvd lent/vbn the/at weight/nn of/in judicial/jj condemnation/nn to/in such/jj criticism/nn ./.
``/`` It/pps is/bez a/at duty/nn ''/'' ,/, said/vbd Hough/np ,/, ``/`` not/* to/to let/vb pass/vb this/dt opportunity/nn of/in protesting/vbg against/in the/at methods/nns of/in taking/vbg and/cc printing/vbg testimony/nn in/in Equity/nn-tl ,/, current/jj in/in this/dt circuit/nn (/( and/cc probably/rb others/nns )/) ,/, excused/vbn if/cs not/* justified/vbn by/in the/at rules/nns of/in the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl ,/, especially/rb to/to be/be found/vbn in/in patent/nn causes/nns ,/, and/cc flagrantly/rb exemplified/vbn in/in this/dt litigation/nn ./.
As/ql long/rb as/cs the/at bar/nn prefers/vbz to/to adduce/vb evidence/nn by/in written/vbn deposition/nn ,/, rather/in than/in viva/fw-jj voce/fw-nn before/in an/at authoritative/jj judicial/jj officer/nn ,/, I/ppss fear/vb that/cs the/at antiquated/vbn rules/nns will/md remain/vb unchanged/jj ,/, and/cc expensive/jj prolixity/nn remain/vb the/at best/jjt known/vbn characteristic/nn of/in Equity/nn-tl ''/'' ./.
Observing/vbg that/cs ``/`` reforms/nns sometimes/rb begin/vb with/in the/at contemplation/nn of/in horrible/jj examples/nns ''/'' ,/, Hough/np catalogued/vbd the/at many/ap abuses/nns encouraged/vbn by/in existing/vbg procedures/nns ./.
He/pps cited/vbd the/at elephantine/jj dimensions/nns of/in the/at Selden/np case/nn record/nn ;/. ;/.
the/at duplication/nn of/in testimony/nn and/cc exhibits/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at numerous/jj squabbles/nns over/in minor/jj matters/nns ;/. ;/.
the/at ``/`` objections/nns stated/vbn at/in outrageous/jj length/nn ''/'' ;/. ;/.
and/cc the/at frequent/jj and/cc rancorous/jj verbal/jj bouts/nns ,/, ``/`` uncalled/jj for/rb and/cc unjustifiable/jj ,/, from/in the/at retort/nn discourteous/jj to/in the/at lie/nn direct/jj ''/'' ./.


	The/at fundamental/jj difficulty/nn of/in which/wdt the/at Selden/np case/nn was/bedz ``/`` a/at striking/jj (/( though/cs not/* singular/jj )/) example/nn ''/'' ,/, concluded/vbd Hough/np ,/, ``/`` will/md remain/vb as/ql long/rb as/cs testimony/nn is/bez taken/vbn without/in any/dti authoritative/jj judicial/jj officer/nn present/rb ,/, and/cc responsible/jj for/in the/at maintenance/nn of/in discipline/nn ,/, and/cc the/at reception/nn or/cc exclusion/nn of/in testimony/nn ''/'' ./.


	Not/* least/ap among/in the/at members/nns of/in the/at patent/nn bar/nn who/wps echoed/vbd this/dt powerful/jj indictment/nn were/bed those/dts who/wps had/hvd participated/vbn in/in the/at Selden/np suit/nn ./.
William/np A./np Redding/np asserted/vbd that/cs if/cs the/at case/nn had/hvd been/ben heard/vbn in/in open/jj court/nn under/in rules/nns of/in evidence/nn ,/, the/at testimony/nn would/md have/hv been/ben completed/vbn in/in sixty/cd days/nns instead/rb of/in five/cd years/nns ./.
Inventors/nns joined/vbd lawyers/nns in/in the/at clamor/nn for/in reform/nn ,/, inevitably/rb centering/vbg upon/in the/at Selden/np litigation/nn as/cs a/at ``/`` horrible/jj example/nn ''/'' ./.
Its/pp$ costive/jj deliberations/nns were/bed likened/vbn to/in those/dts of/in the/at British/jj courts/nns of/in chancery/nn mercilessly/rb caricatured/vbn by/in Dickens/np in/in Bleak/jj-tl House/nn-tl ./.


	Parker/np ,/, who/wps agreed/vbd with/in much/ap of/in this/dt criticism/nn ,/, did/dod not/* conceal/vb his/pp$ dissatisfaction/nn with/in procedural/jj defects/nns ./.
But/cc he/pps felt/vbd that/cs the/at Selden/np case/nn was/bedz being/beg unfairly/rb pilloried/vbn ./.
In/in a/at detailed/vbn letter/nn published/vbn in/in the/at Scientific/jj-tl American/np-tl in/in 1912/cd ,/, he/pps remarked/vbd that/cs ``/`` loose/jj statements/nns ''/'' about/in the/at case/nn showed/vbd scant/jj understanding/nn of/in the/at facts/nns ./.
The/at suit/nn ,/, although/cs commonly/rb designated/vbn as/cs a/at single/ap action/nn ,/, actually/rb embraced/vbd five/cd cases/nns ./.
Parker/np insisted/vbd that/cs the/at size/nn of/in the/at record/nn would/md have/hv been/ben drastically/rb reduced/vbn but/cc for/in an/at unavoidable/jj duplication/nn of/in testimony/nn ./.


	In/in a/at private/jj communication/nn written/vbn in/in 1911/cd ,/, Parker/np had/hvd been/ben more/rbr to/in the/at point/nn ./.
Noting/vbg the/at complaints/nns of/in inventors/nns and/cc members/nns of/in the/at patent/nn bar/nn ,/, he/pps admitted/vbd that/cs some/dti of/in the/at strictures/nns ``/`` were/bed fairly/ql well/rb founded/vbn ''/'' ,/, but/cc he/pps added/vbd that/cs under/in existing/vbg rules/nns the/at courts/nns could/md not/* consolidate/vb testimony/nn in/in a/at group/nn of/in suits/nns involving/vbg separate/jj infringements/nns of/in the/at same/ap patent/nn ./.
The/at vast/jj industrial/jj interests/nns caught/vbn up/rp in/in the/at Selden/np suit/nn ,/, as/ql well/rb as/cs the/at complex/jj character/nn of/in the/at automotive/jj art/nn ,/, encouraged/vbd both/abx sides/nns to/to exploit/vb ``/`` every/at possible/jj chance/nn ''/'' for/in or/cc against/in the/at patent/nn ,/, said/vbd Parker/np ./.
``/`` This/dt very/ql seldom/rb happens/vbz in/in this/dt class/nn or/cc in/in other/ap cases/nns ,/, and/cc of/in course/nn all/abn of/in these/dts matters/nns led/vbd to/in a/at volume/nn and/cc an/at expense/nn of/in the/at record/nn beyond/in what/wdt ordinarily/rb would/md occur/vb ''/'' ./.


	Parker/np listed/vbd the/at remedies/nns he/pps deemed/vbd essential/jj for/in reducing/vbg the/at cost/nn and/cc mass/nn of/in testimony/nn ./.
The/at most/ql important/jj of/in these/dts found/vbd him/ppo in/in agreement/nn with/in Hough's/np$ plea/nn for/in reform/nn ./.
Parker/np called/vbd for/in abolition/nn of/in the/at indiscriminate/jj or/cc uncontrolled/jj right/nn of/in taking/vbg depositions/nns before/in officers/nns of/in the/at court/nn who/wps had/hvd no/at authority/nn to/to limit/vb testimony/nn ./.
The/at taking/nn of/in depositions/nns ,/, he/pps suggested/vbd ,/, should/md be/be placed/vbn under/in a/at special/jj court/nn examiner/nn empowered/vbn to/to compel/vb responsive/jj and/cc relevant/jj answers/nns and/cc to/to exclude/vb immaterial/jj testimony/nn ./.
``/`` I/ppss am/bem satisfied/vbn that/cs in/in the/at Selden/np case/nn had/hvd this/dt power/nn existed/vbn and/cc this/dt course/nn (/( been/ben )/) pursued/vbn ,/, it/pps would/md have/hv shortened/vbn the/at depositions/nns of/in some/dti of/in the/at experts/nns nearly/rb one-half/nn and/cc of/in some/dti of/in the/at other/ap witnesses/nns thereto/rb more/ap than/cs that/cs ''/'' ./.


	In/in the/at end/nn Hough's/np$ acidulous/jj protest/nn ,/, which/wdt Parker/np called/vbd the/at ``/`` now/rb somewhat/ql famous/jj note/nn on/in this/dt '/' Selden/np '/' case/nn ''/'' ,/, did/dod not/* go/vb unheeded/jj ./.
In/in 1912/cd the/at United/vbn-tl States/nns-tl Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl adopted/vbd a/at new/jj set/nn of/in rules/nns of/in equity/nn which/wdt became/vbd effective/jj on/in February/np 1/cd ,/, 1913/cd ./.
The/at revised/vbn procedure/nn was/bedz acclaimed/vbn as/cs a/at long-overdue/jj reform/nn ./.
Under/in the/at new/jj rules/nns ,/, testimony/nn is/bez taken/vbn orally/rb in/in open/jj court/nn in/in all/abn cases/nns except/in those/dts of/in an/at extraordinary/jj character/nn ./.
Other/ap expeditious/jj methods/nns are/ber designed/vbn to/to prevent/vb prolixity/nn ,/, limit/vb delays/nns ,/, and/cc reduce/vb the/at expense/nn of/in infringement/nn suits/nns ./.
One/cd of/in the/at A.L.A.M./np lawyers/nns observed/vbd that/cs if/cs the/at Selden/np case/nn had/hvd been/ben tried/vbn under/in this/dt simplified/vbn procedure/nn ,/, the/at testimony/nn which/wdt filled/vbd more/ap than/in a/at score/nn of/in volumes/nns ,/, ``/`` at/in a/at minimum/nn cost/nn of/in $1/nns a/at page/nn for/in publication/nn alone/rb ,/, could/md have/hv been/ben contained/vbn in/in one/cd volume/nn ''/'' ./.
While/cs patent/nn suits/nns are/ber still/rb among/in the/at most/ql complex/jj and/cc expensive/jj forms/nns of/in litigation/nn ,/, these/dts rules/nns have/hv saved/vbn litigants/nns uncounted/jj sums/nns of/in money/nn ./.
There/ex is/bez little/ap doubt/nn that/cs they/ppss were/bed promulgated/vbn by/in the/at Supreme/jj-tl Court/nn-tl as/cs a/at direct/jj result/nn of/in the/at Selden/np patent/nn suit/nn ./.



3/cd-hl 
./.-hl
Even/rb before/cs it/pps was/bedz formally/rb dissolved/vbn in/in 1912/cd ,/, the/at A.L.A.M./np was/bedz succeeded/vbn by/in the/at Automobile/nn-tl Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Trade/nn-tl ,/, the/at direct/jj lineal/jj ancestor/nn of/in the/at present-day/jj Automobile/nn-tl Manufacturers/nns-tl Association/nn-tl ./.
The/at trade/nn bodies/nns which/wdt came/vbd in/in the/at wake/nn of/in the/at A.L.A.M./np were/bed more/ql representative/jj ,/, for/cs they/ppss never/rb adopted/vbd a/at policy/nn of/in exclusion/nn ./.
Nevertheless/rb ,/, it/pps is/bez from/in the/at Selden/np organization/nn that/cs the/at industry/nn inherited/vbd its/pp$ institutional/jj machinery/nn for/in furthering/vbg the/at broader/jjr interests/nns of/in the/at trade/nn ./.
One/cd of/in the/at chief/jjs features/nns of/in this/dt community/nn of/in interest/nn is/bez the/at automotive/jj patents/nns cross-licensing/jj agreement/nn ,/, a/at milestone/nn in/in the/at development/nn of/in American/jj industrial/jj cooperation/nn ./.
Its/pp$ origin/nn lies/vbz in/in the/at Selden/np patent/nn controversy/nn and/cc its/pp$ aftermath/nn ./.


	From/in the/at earliest/jjt days/nns of/in the/at motor/nn car/nn industry/nn ,/, before/cs the/at A.L.A.M./np was/bedz established/vbn ,/, patent/nn infringement/nn loomed/vbd as/cs a/at serious/jj and/cc vexing/vbg problem/nn ./.
Many/ap patent/nn contests/nns were/bed waged/vbn over/in automobile/nn components/nns and/cc accessories/nns ,/, among/in them/ppo tires/nns ,/, detachable/jj rims/nns ,/, ball/nn bearings/nns ,/, license/nn brackets/nns ,/, and/cc electric/jj horns/nns ./.
The/at fluidity/nn and/cc momentum/nn of/in the/at young/jj industry/nn abetted/vbd a/at general/jj disregard/nn of/in patent/nn claims/nns ./.
As/ql early/rb as/cs 1900/cd a/at Wall/nn-tl Street/nn-tl combination/nn acquired/vbd detail/nn patents/nns with/in the/at intention/nn of/in exacting/vbg heavy/jj tribute/nn from/in automobile/nn manufacturers/nns ./.
This/dt scheme/nn failed/vbd ,/, and/cc the/at following/vbg decade/nn brought/vbd a/at deluge/nn of/in infringement/nn suits/nns among/in individual/jj manufacturers/nns that/wps reached/vbd its/pp$ crest/nn in/in 1912/cd ./.


	In/in this/dt tangle/nn of/in conflicting/vbg claims/nns ,/, the/at patent-sharing/jj scheme/nn adopted/vbn by/in the/at A.L.A.M./np at/in its/pp$ founding/vbg proved/vbd to/to be/be the/at best/jjt device/nn for/in avoiding/vbg or/cc mitigating/vbg the/at burdens/nns of/in incessant/jj litigation/nn ./.
The/at interchange/nn of/in shop/nn licenses/nns for/in a/at nominal/jj royalty/nn eliminated/vbd infringement/nn suits/nns among/in the/at members/nns of/in the/at A.L.A.M./np patent/nn pool/nn (/( although/cs it/pps did/dod not/* protect/vb them/ppo against/in outside/jj actions/nns )/) and/cc kept/vbd open/jj channels/nns for/in the/at cross-fertilization/nn of/in automotive/jj technology/nn ./.
One/cd of/in the/at conditions/nns of/in the/at pool/nn was/bedz a/at prohibition/nn upon/in the/at withholding/nn of/in patent/nn rights/nns among/in A.L.A.M./np members/nns ./.
Within/in its/pp$ limits/nns ,/, this/dt arrangement/nn had/hvd the/at actual/jj or/cc potential/jj characteristics/nns of/in a/at cross-licensing/jj agreement/nn ./.
Its/pp$ positive/jj features/nns outweighed/vbd the/at fact/nn that/cs the/at pool/nn was/bedz an/at adjunct/nn of/in a/at wouldbe/jj monopoly/nn ./.
Since/cs the/at A.L.A.M./np holdings/nns embraced/vbd only/rb about/rb twenty-five/cd per/in cent/nn of/in motor/nn vehicle/nn patents/nns ,/, the/at denial/nn of/in rights/nns to/in independent/jj companies/nns did/dod not/* retard/vb technical/jj progress/nn in/in unlicensed/jj sectors/nns of/in the/at industry/nn ./.
The/at highly/ql important/jj Dyer/np patents/nns on/in the/at sliding/vbg gear/nn transmission/nn were/bed held/vbn by/in the/at A.L.A.M./np pool/nn ./.
But/cc Henry/np Ford/np used/vbd the/at planetary/jj transmission/nn in/in his/pp$ Model/nn-tl T/nn-tl and/cc earlier/jjr cars/nns and/cc ,/, in/in 1905/cd ,/, as/cs a/at precautionary/jj measure/nn ,/, took/vbd out/rp a/at license/nn from/in the/at man/nn who/wps claimed/vbd to/to be/be its/pp$ inventor/nn ./.


	For/in those/dts affiliated/vbn with/in it/ppo ,/, the/at A.L.A.M./np pool/nn was/bedz a/at haven/nn from/in the/at infringement/nn actions/nns involving/vbg detail/nn patents/nns that/wps beset/vbd the/at industry/nn with/in mounting/vbg intensity/nn after/in 1900/cd ./.
By/in 1910/cd the/at courts/nns were/bed crowded/vbn with/in cases/nns ,/, many/ap of/in them/ppo brought/vbn by/in freebooters/nns who/wps trafficked/vbd in/in disputed/vbn inventions/nns ./.
It/pps was/bedz commonplace/jj for/in auto/nn makers/nns ,/, parts-suppliers/nns ,/, and/cc dealers/nns to/to find/vb warning/vbg notices/nns and/cc threats/nns of/in infringement/nn suits/nns in/in their/pp$ daily/jj mail/nn ./.
``/`` Purely/rb from/in the/at business/nn man's/nn$ standpoint/nn and/cc without/in regard/nn to/in the/at lawyer's/nn$ view/nn ''/'' ,/, commented/vbd a/at trade/nn journal/nn ,/, ``/`` the/at matter/nn of/in patents/nns in/in the/at automobile/nn and/cc accessory/nn trade/nn is/bez developing/vbg some/dti phases/nns and/cc results/nns that/wps challenge/vb thought/nn as/in to/in how/wql far/rb patents/nns are/ber to/to become/vb weapons/nns of/in warfare/nn in/in business/nn ,/, instead/rb of/in simple/jj beneficient/jj protection/nn devices/nns for/in encouraging/vbg inventive/jj creation/nn ''/'' ./.


	Occasionally/rb new/jj enterprise/nn was/bedz discouraged/vbn by/in the/at almost/ql certain/jj prospect/nn of/in legal/jj complications/nns ./.
One/cd manufacturer/nn who/wps held/vbd an/at allegedly/ql basic/jj patent/nn said/vbd :/: ``/`` I/ppss would/md readily/rb put/vb over/rp $50,000/nns into/in the/at manufacture/nn of/in the/at device/nn ,/, but/cc it/pps is/bez so/ql easy/jj to/to make/vb that/cs we/ppss would/md enter/vb immediately/rb into/in a/at prolonged/vbn ordeal/nn of/in patent/nn litigation/nn which/wdt would/md eat/vb up/rp all/abn our/pp$ profits/nns ''/'' ./.
The/at prevailing/vbg view/nn in/in the/at industry/nn was/bedz summed/vbn up/rp in/in 1912/cd by/in a/at group/nn of/in auto/nn makers/nns who/wps told/vbd a/at Senate/nn-tl committee/nn :/: ``/`` The/at exceedingly/ql unsatisfactory/jj and/cc uselessly/ql expensive/jj conditions/nns ,/, including/in delays/nns surrounding/vbg legal/jj disputes/nns ,/, particularly/rb in/in patent/nn litigation/nn ,/, are/ber items/nns of/in industrial/jj burden/nn which/wdt must/md be/be written/vbn large/rb in/in figures/nns of/in many/ap millions/nns of/in dollars/nns of/in industrial/jj waste/nn ''/'' ./.


	By/in that/dt time/nn it/pps was/bedz commonly/rb agreed/vbn that/cs patent/nn warfare/nn was/bedz sapping/vbg constructive/jj achievement/nn and/cc blocking/vbg the/at free/jj exchange/nn of/in technical/jj information/nn ./.
At/in this/dt point/nn Charles/np C./np Hanch/np ,/, long/rb an/at advocate/nn of/in patent/nn peace/nn in/in the/at industry/nn ,/, became/vbd chairman/nn of/in the/at patents/nns committee/nn of/in the/at National/jj-tl Automobile/nn-tl Chamber/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ,/, successor/nn to/in the/at Automobile/nn-tl Board/nn-tl of/in-tl Trade/nn-tl ./.
Hanch/np was/bedz treasurer/nn of/in the/at Nordyke/np-tl &/cc-tl Marmon/np-tl Company/nn-tl ,/, an/at Indianapolis/np firm/nn which/wdt had/hvd manufactured/vbn flour-milling/jj machinery/nn before/in producing/vbg the/at Marmon/np car/nn in/in 1904/cd ./.
He/pps had/hvd first-hand/jj knowledge/nn of/in the/at patent/nn wars/nns which/wdt had/hvd driven/vbn about/rb ninety/cd per/in cent/nn of/in the/at milling/vbg equipment/nn makers/nns out/in of/in business/nn in/in the/at mid-1890's/nns ./.
Anxious/jj to/to avoid/vb a/at similar/jj debacle/nn in/in the/at motor/nn car/nn industry/nn ,/, Hanch/np went/vbd to/in Detroit/np in/in 1909/cd to/to enlist/vb the/at support/nn of/in leading/vbg A.L.A.M./np members/nns for/in an/at industry-wide/jj patent-sharing/jj plan/nn ./.
The/at breach/nn created/vbn by/in the/at Selden/np patent/nn doomed/vbd his/pp$ proposal/nn ,/, but/cc Hanch/np did/dod not/* abandon/vb his/pp$ scheme/nn ./.


	After/in the/at demise/nn of/in the/at A.L.A.M./np ,/, the/at time/nn was/bedz propitious/jj for/in establishing/vbg such/abl a/at pool/nn ./.
Most/ap manufacturers/nns were/bed now/rb disposed/vbn to/to heed/vb a/at proposal/nn for/in the/at formal/jj interchange/nn of/in patents/nns ./.
``/`` It/pps is/bez a/at much/ql easier/jjr course/nn to/to agree/vb to/to let/vb one/cd another/dt alone/rb so/ql far/rb as/cs ordinary/jj patents/nns are/ber concerned/vbn ''/'' ,/, said/vbd a/at trade/nn authority/nn ,/, ``/`` than/cs to/to continue/vb the/at costly/jj effort/nn of/in straightening/vbg the/at tangle/nn in/in the/at courts/nns or/cc seeking/vbg to/to reform/vb the/at patent/nn system/nn ,/, which/wdt appears/vbz to/to be/be getting/vbg into/in deeper/jjr confusion/nn every/at day/nn ''/'' ./.


	With/in the/at other/ap members/nns of/in the/at patents/nns committee/nn --/-- Wilfred/np C./np Leland/np ,/, Howard/np E./np Coffin/np ,/, Windsor/np T./np White/np ,/, and/cc W./np H./np Vandervoort/np --/-- Hanch/np drafted/vbd a/at cross-licensing/jj agreement/nn whose/wp$ essential/jj feature/nn of/in royalty-free/jj licensing/vbg was/bedz his/pp$ own/jj contribution/nn ./.
The/at plan/nn was/bedz supported/vbn by/in Frederick/np P./np Fish/np ,/, counsel/nn for/in the/at National/jj-tl Automobile/nn-tl Chamber/nn-tl of/in-tl Commerce/nn-tl ./.
It/pps will/md be/be recalled/vbn that/cs in/in his/pp$ summation/nn for/in the/at A.L.A.M./np before/in Judge/nn-tl Hough/np ,/, Fish/np had/hvd condemned/vbn patent/nn litigation/nn as/cs the/at curse/nn of/in the/at American/jj industrial/jj community/nn ./.
He/pps was/bedz well/ql aware/jj that/cs some/dti inventors/nns and/cc their/pp$ allies/nns used/vbd their/pp$ patents/nns solely/rb for/in nuisance/nn value/nn ./.
``/`` My/pp$ personal/jj view/nn is/bez that/cs not/* one/cd patented/vbn invention/nn in/in ten/cd is/bez worth/jj making/vbg ''/'' ,/, he/pps later/rbr told/vbd a/at Congressional/jj-tl committee/nn ./.
The/at eloquent/jj persuasions/nns of/in Fish/np guaranteed/vbd the/at adoption/nn of/in the/at plan/nn by/in the/at members/nns of/in the/at automotive/jj trade/nn association/nn ./.


	Drawn/vbn up/rp in/in 1914/cd ,/, the/at cross-licensing/jj agreement/nn became/vbd effective/jj in/in 1915/cd ./.
It/pps remained/vbd in/in force/nn for/in ten/cd years/nns and/cc has/hvz been/ben renewed/vbn at/in five-year/jj intervals/nns since/in 1925/cd ./.

